Nucleosides - Do not contain a phosphate group, and are the product when a base bonds at C1 of ribose or deoxyribose
Nucleotides - Contain a base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group, are the monomers of nucleic acids, and can be named deoxyguanosine 5'- monophosphate
Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Are found in RNA and DNA, contain a base and a monosaccharide, and may contain either ribose or deoxyribose
What is nucleosides and nucleotides ?A nitrogenous base, typically a purine or pyrimidine, and the five-carbon sugar ribose are what make up nucleosides (bottom). A polynucleotide containing the carbohydrate ribose is referred to as a ribonucleotide or RNA. A nucleotide is simply a nucleoside with an additional phosphate group or groups (blue).
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Symbiotic microorganisms are normally present in which sites in the body? select all that apply.
In a healthy body, symbiotic microbes are present.
GutSkinGenital tractRespiratory systemWhere are symbiotic microorganisms found?
The tiniest known living things are microbes. They can be found everywhere, including in your body, on your keyboard, in your pillow, and in rivers, plants, animals, and tap water. A few microbes coexist with humans and reside inside our bodies. The majority of the microorganisms in the body are bacteria.
At least one of the creatures involved benefits frequently from this interaction. Symbiotic relationships can be classified into three primary categories: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Commensalism occurs when one organism gains an advantage while the other suffers no damage. When both creatures profit, this is mutualism.
Finally, parasitism occurs when one organism gains while the other suffers. Additionally, organisms can participate in several of these symbiotic partnerships at once.
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what implication can be made about the mortality rate of the bacteria if antibiotics are added to an environment with both types of bacteria? Explain
Upon entering the environment, antibiotic residues can harm human health and the biota at various trophic levels by contaminating food and water, contributing to the growth of resistant bacteria, and maintaining the selective pressure that leads to the development and/or spread of resistance in various environmental compartments.
Antibiotic residues may interfere with physiological processes and have possible ecotoxicological effects on plants, in addition to the possibility of promoting microbial antibiotic resistance.
The influence of antibiotics on photosynthesis (chloroplast gene expression, cell proliferation, and oxidative stress response in plants) and mitochondria (oxidative stress response in plants) was revealed by several chronic and acute toxicity studies, which were conducted to highlight the detrimental effects. This impact is likely explained by the bacterial origins of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Antibiotic concentrations in agricultural soils have the potential to slow germination or lower biomass, which could have a negative impact on the output of farms fertilized with contaminated manure. The human microbiome can be altered by antibiotic residues, which can also lead to health issues such allergic reactions, chronic toxic effects from extended exposure, and disruptions of digestive system processes.
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The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of:_______.
Tumor necrosis factor is hypothesised to be the source of the hypermetabolic condition that results in cachexia in terminal cancer patients.
The function of the tumour necrosis factorA multipurpose cytokine called tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is crucial for many distinct biological processes, including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death.
Inflammatory cells release TNF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that may contribute to inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
Tumor necrosis factor is made somewhere, right?The inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), which is produced by macrophages and monocytes during acute inflammation, is in charge of a wide range of signalling events inside of cells that result in necrosis or apoptosis.
Tumor necrosis factor was produced by which cells?TNF is a multifunctional cytokine that is mostly produced by macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and lymphocytes.
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Approximately once in every _____ births, and infant is born with 45, 47, or even 48 or 49 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
An newborn is born with 45, 47, 48, or even 49 chromosomes instead of the typical 46 chromosomes approximately once every 166 births.
What Does It Mean When a Baby Is Born With an Extra Chromosome?
Pregnancy is a vulnerable time when your unborn child may be exposed to a number of illnesses. However, several anatomical anomalies that are typically harmful and can lead to difficulties in babies may be present in infants with additional chromosomes.
A human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 of which are inherited from each parent. However, in some circumstances, either parent's chromosomes may have been added to or deleted from the growing fetus.
If you are unaware of this genetic phenomena and are interested in learning more, read this post to learn about the potential origins, illnesses, symptoms, and other details about extra chromosomes in newborns.
What Does It Mean When a Baby Is Born With an Extra Chromosome?
Genes are strung like beads along chromosomes, which are threadlike structures. The 47th chromosome in human cells is an additional chromosome. As a result, a child with an additional chromosome will have 23 pairs of chromosomes overall (one from the mother and two from the father or vice versa). Trisomy, which stands for "three bodies," is the term used to describe this disorder.
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The transport of sugars into cells up their concentration gradient along with sodium ions that are moving down their concentration gradient is called ______.
The transport of sugars into cells up their concentration gradient along with sodium ions that are moving down their concentration gradient is called coupled transport or secondary active transport.
What is Active transport?Active transport may be defined as a type of transport that occurs against the concentration gradient. This transport is mediated by carrier proteins. Metabolic energy is used to move ions or molecules against a concentration gradient.
Primary active transport directly obtains energy from ATP, whereas secondary active transport obtains energy from the movement of an ion down its concentration gradient.
In this case, sodium moving down its concentration gradient fuels glucose moving against its gradient, so this is secondary active transport.
Therefore, coupled transport or secondary active transport allows the transport of sugars into cells up their concentration gradient along with sodium ions that are moving down their concentration gradient.
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The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
The plasma membrane is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
The cell membrane or plasma membrane can be described as a selectively permeable membrane that allows the selective entry of materials into and out of a cell. All the organelles of a cell are enclosed in the plasma membrane and hence it separates the interior of a cell from the exterior.
For single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, nutrients are received by the cell through the plasma membrane and excretion of waste also occurs through the plasma membrane. The bacterial cell membrane is made up of phospholipids and usually, it encloses a food particle in it for absorption of food.
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The repetition or ____ structure describes a process that may be repeated as long
The repetition or loop structure describes a process that may be repeated as long as a certain condition remains true.
What is loop structure?In a loop structure, the loop poses a question. If the response necessitates action, it is carried out. The same question is asked over and over until no more action is necessary. An iteration occurs each time the question is asked.
All sorts of loops share a common structure, such as:
The loop counter is a control variable.The control variable must be initialized, or given a value.The increment/decrement of the control variable, which is updated each time the loop iterates.The loop condition that controls whether the looping should continue or the program should break from it.To learn more about loop structure visit:
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The repetition or loop structure specifies a process that can be repeated indefinitely as long as a given condition is met.
What exactly is loop structure?The loop in a loop structure asks a query. If the response requires action, it is taken. The same question is asked over and over again until no more action is required. An iteration occurs each time the question is asked.
All loops have the same structure, such as:
A correction factor is the loop counter.The control variable must be initialized, which means it must be assigned a value.The control variable's increment/decrement, which is modified each time the loop iterates.The loop condition determines whether the looping should be continued or the program should exit it.To learn more about loop visit:
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Ingestion of vitamin c during meals can modestly improve absorption of ________.
Ingestion of vitamin c during meals can modestly improve absorption of non-heme iron.
What does ingestion of vitamin C help with?Non-heme iron, which is present in plant foods like leafy greens, is better absorbed when vitamin C is present. One way to increase iron absorption during meals is to consume a small glass of 100% fruit juice or eat foods high in vitamin C.
Heat and light have the ability to degrade vitamin C. The vitamin can be destroyed by high cooking temperatures or extended cooking durations. Due to its water-soluble nature, the vitamin can potentially contaminate cooking liquids and disappear if the liquids are not consumed. Using quick heating techniques, such as stir-frying or blanching, or using the least amount of water feasible when cooking can help to keep the vitamin. Vitamin C content is highest in foods consumed raw at the height of maturity.
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Dna molecule consists of two strands of ______ held together in a ______ structure.
DNA molecule consists of two strands of nucleotides held together in a double helix structure. The double helix depicts the look of double-stranded DNA, which is made up of two linear strands that run anti-parallel to each other and twist together.
Each strand of DNA within the double helix is a long, linear molecule made up of smaller units called nucleotides that link together to form a chain. The double-helix structure enables DNA replication and protein synthesis. The double helix unwinds during DNA replication, and each split strand is used to generate a new strand. Watson and Crick expanded on their views on genetic replication.
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1. cats are the only host in which toxoplasma can sexually reproduce. therefore, cats are the _______ host for this protozoan.
Cats are the primary/definitive host for this protozoan.
There are different types of interactions between two species like mutualism, predation, parasitism, commensalism, etc.
Parasites are the organisms that live in/on another organism (host) and derive benefits like food and shelter from it.
The parasites usually harm the host, in some cases even causing their death.
Most of the parasites are species-specific. They can survive only inside the host of a particular species.
But some parasites require more than one host to complete their life cycle. Usually, in such cases, they reproduce asexually in one host and sexually in the other host/hosts.
The host in which they reproduce sexually is known as the primary/definitive host and the host in which they reproduce asexually is known as the secondary/intermediate host.
As the cats are the only host in which toxoplasma can sexually reproduce, therefore, cats are the primary/definitive host for this protozoan.
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The offspring produced via sexual reproduction are genetically ________ to the parents.
a) indifferent
b) identical
c) parsimonious
d) unique
The correct option is (d) Unique
The offspring produced via sexual reproduction are genetically Unique.
What is sexual reproduction?Parents in sexual reproduction are two. Parents create gametes, which are reproductive cells, during sexual reproduction, and the gametes combine to create an offspring. Haplotype cells make up gametes. This indicates that they only have half as many chromosomes as the organism's other cells. Meiosis, a sort of cell division that is used to create gametes, is covered in full in a notion that follows. Fertilization is the process of two gametes combining. A zygote is the term for the resulting fertilized cell. Since a zygote is a diploid cell, it has twice as many chromosomes as a gamete.
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Petri dishes should? always be labeled on the lid. be left open while incoulating. be stored with the lid on top. always be stored inverted.
Petri dishes should always be stored inverted.
In biology, petri dishes are frequently used to produce microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, and mold. The organisms that grow on solid or semisolid surfaces are best suited for it. To reduce the chance of contamination from airborne spore particles landing on them and to avoid the buildup of water condensation that could disrupt or impair a culture, they are often covered and stored inverted.
Aside from that, incubating the media in the normal position could result in the media drying out, which would interfere with the ideal conditions for microbial growth and increase microbial count mistakes. Since the labels are put underneath the plates rather than on the lids, placing plates upside down also makes them easier to handle and recognize.
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Without lateral rotation of the humerus by the teres minor and infraspinatus muscles, the maximum angle of abduction by the deltoid would be __________.
90 degrees would be the maximum angle of abduction by the deltoid if there' no lateral rotation of the humerus by the teres minor and infraspinatus muscles.
The infraspinous fossa of the scapula is largely occupied by the thick, triangular infraspinatus muscle. It is a component of the rotator cuff, and the acronym "SITS" is frequently used to recall it (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis).
The glenohumeral joint, which supports the stability and motion of the shoulder joint, is formed by these muscles. The arm's whole range of motion is greatly influenced by the capacity to abduct the arm. The serratus anterior, deltoid, trapezius, and supraspinatus are the four muscles that are in charge of this motion.
Abductions of 15 to 90 degrees are controlled by the deltoid. The scapula, trapezius, and serratus anterior work in concert to permit abduction of the arm up to 90 degrees.
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Question correction:
Without lateral rotation of the humerus by the teres minor and infraspinatus muscles, the maximum angle of abduction by the deltoid would be __________.
75 degrees90 degrees180 degrees30 degreesThe pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger? difference threshold. sensory adaptation. selective inattention. priming. transduction.
The pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger is Selective inattention.
Selective inattention- Lack of conscious attention to certain physical or emotional stimuli. For example, concentrating on a single speaker during a party where many individuals are speaking.
Stimuli- A change in the internal or external environment is referred to as a stimulus. anything that affects or triggers a brief spike in physiological activity or reaction in the body as a whole or in any individual sections.
Physiological Activity- A field of biology that studies the procedures and endeavors that sustain life, or the actions and procedures used by a live entity or any of its components to operate.
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The part of a neuron that acts as a tiny antennae and conducts signals toward the axon of that cell is called the:________
Dendrites act as an antenna for conducting signals towards the axon of the neuron.
Neurons are also referred to as nerve cells. Parts of neurons are the axon, dendrites, cell body, cell membrane, synaptic knobs, and myelin sheath. Dendrites act as an antenna for conducting the signals toward the axon of the neuron. Dendrites are fibrous branch-like projects. New neurons are formed by the process called neurogenesis. There are a total of 86 billion neurons in our body.
There are two types of nerve cells- motor neurons and sensory neurons. Sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons. They carry signals from the rest of the body to the control central brain or spinal cord. Motor neurons are also known as efferent neurons. They carry signals from the brain to the effect part.
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The pH of baking soda is 9, and the pH of an egg is 8. On a logarithmic scale, this means that
If the pH of baking soda is 9, and the pH of an egg is 8, then on a logarithmic scale, this means that the baking soda is ten times basic than the egg.
What is the significance of pH?The pH scale measures whether there is more hydronium or hydroxide ions in a solution. In other words, it tells us how basic or acidic the solution is.
A lower pH i.e. 1 - 6 means something is more acidic, also known as a stronger acid. A higher pH i.e. 8 - 14 means it is more alkaline or a stronger base.
On a logarithmic scale, The pH scale indicates that an increase or decrease of an integer value changes the concentration by a tenfold. For example, a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 4.
This means that if the pH of baking soda is 9, and the pH of an egg is 8, then on a logarithmic scale, this means that the baking soda is ten times basic than the egg.
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How is modern Earth different from Earth over four billion years ago?
O Constantly bombarded with comets and asteroids
O Little to no oxygen
O High levels of ultraviolet radiation
O Protective atmosphere
Modern earth has more protective atmosphere.
The growth of Earth's atmosphere over geologic time, or atmospheric evolution. Although the method by which the present atmosphere evolved from past conditions is complex, there is a wealth of indirect evidence for this evolution. The atmospheric composition has changed in the past as a result of chemical reactions with the Earth's crust and, in particular, with biological processes related to life, according to ancient sediments and rocks.The initial atmosphere of Earth was deficient in free oxygen but abundant in methane, ammonia, water vapor, and the noble gas neon. The first biological generation of oxygen by unicellular organisms and its eventual accumulation in the atmosphere most likely occurred hundreds of millions of years apart.Therefore, option D. is correct.
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______is an extension of the brain, reaching from the base of the brain through the neck and spinal column, that transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.
Identify the reasons why orthodontic problems have arisen in recent homo sapiens.
Stresses placed on the bones influence bone size, shape, and density, while genes are principally responsible for tooth size, shape, and quantity.
Compared to bone size, tooth size is more genetically determined.Human food has recently gotten exceedingly simple to chew, making the upper and lower jaws less sturdy.This has led to a generally smaller face and smaller jaws, as well as a shorter and rounder cranial vault. The size of the bone that supports the teeth shrank more quickly than the teeth did. More orthodontic problems have arisen as a result, necessitating the artificial straightening of teeth.Learn more about the orthodontic problem with the help of the given link:
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in a plant, which of the following would represent the smallest level of organization?
Answer:
Atom would be the smallest apparently but if you are not that deep in biology then you can go with cell itself
Here is a little table to help your confusion.
Atomic level/AtomMolecular level/MoleculeOrganelle level/OrganelleCellular level/CellTissue level/tissueOrgan level/organOrgan system level/Organ systemOrganism level/OrganismWhich method of degradation is appropriate for proteins located within the cytoplasm?
Proteasomal degradation is the method appropriate for the degradation of proteins in the cytoplasm.
Proteins are required by body enzymes for various functions. The unused proteins or damaged proteins are recognized and degraded in the cells themselves. The process of degrading proteins is generally known as proteasomal degradation. It involves two types of pathways- a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and lysosomal proteolysis.
1. Ubiquitin proteasome pathways
This involve marking the proteins with ubiquitin. Ubiquitin is a polypeptide conserved in eukaryotes. Multiple units of ubiquitin are attached to the amino group of the side chain in a lysine protein residue. This multi ubiquitin chain is recognized and degraded by a protein complex called the proteasome.
2. Lysosomal proteolysis
It is a slower process of protein degradation. It involves taking up non-selective proteins by lysosomes. Lysosomal enzymes digest these proteins to degrade them.
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The fragile and tiny cell mass that is composed of cells from the duplicated, divided, and differentiated zygote is called?
The fragile and tiny cell mass that is composed of cells from the duplicated, divided, and differentiated zygote is called blastocyst.
Zygote is the first cell formed after the fertilization of the male and the female gamete. It is a diploid cell that has the potential to give rise to a complete organism. It is the first developmental stage of an organism's life.
Blastocyst is the stage of the embryo that occurs due to certain number of cell division. it emerges on the 5th or 6th day after fertilization. The blastocyst consists of the inner cell mass that develops into the embryo, a blastocoel cavity and an outer layer called trophectoderm.
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Lant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create atp.
Lant cells have two energy-related organelles Chloroplast, harness light energy to create sugars and Mitochondria, break down these sugars to create ATP.
Chloroplast- The primary process for converting solar radiation energy into chemical energy that organisms may use takes place in chloroplasts. As a result, they make up around 50% of the protein in leaves, and the chloroplast's ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is by far the most prevalent protein on Earth.
Mitochondria- The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
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Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter. select one:
Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be agonistic of that neurotransmitter.
This is further explained below.
What is a neurotransmitter?Generally, Neurotransmitters are a kind of chemical messenger that is necessary for the human body to have in order for it to operate effectively.
Their job is to carry chemical signals, which are often referred to as "messages," from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell along the route.
The following cell that may become the target could be a nerve cell, a muscle cell, or a gland cell. There is a possibility that all three could be involved.
In conclusion, It is claimed that a drug is agonistic for a certain neurotransmitter if it is able to increase the activity of the synapses that are associated with that neurotransmitter.
agonistic
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Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane-bound structures called:________
secretory vesicles
Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane-bound structures called secretory vesicles.
What is a secretory vesicle?The secretory vesicle is a type of vesicle that facilitates the delivery of cargo, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, from an organelle to particular locations on the cell membrane, where it docks and fuses to release its contents.What roles does the secretory vesicle play?Along with transport, secretory vesicles have the ability to store and breakdown some released compounds. Neurotransmitters are found in synaptic vesicles. Through secretory vesicles, hormones can be delivered into the bloodstream.Secretory vesicles are produced where?In response to extracellular signals, secretory vesicles that originate from the trans Golgi network exocytose their contents to the cell's exterior. A protein or a tiny molecule, like histamine, can be the released product (such as a hormone or digestive enzyme).
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What type of inheritance involves genes that segregate and assort independently?
Mendelian inheritance involves genes that segregate and assort independently.
Independent Assortment- According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, the alleles of two or more distinct genes are separately selected into gametes. In other words, an allele with one gene doesn't really affect the allele for another gene that a gamete acquires.
Genes- The fundamental genetic component transferred from parent to kid. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are organized sequentially at specified sites on chromosome in the cell nucleus.
DNA- The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to grow and operate. This knowledge may be handed down from one generations to the next thanks to DNA molecules.
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The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary united states is_________
The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary united states is Medication therapy.There are maximum not unusual place treatment including Counseling and cognitive conduct remedy to control intellectual fitness issues and offer emotional support.
Diet, workout and pressure control to enhance signs and symptoms of a few situations including Alzheimer's and a couple of sclerosis, and save you recurrence of stroke Medication remedy, that's frequently the number one treatment. Care for stroke, demanding mind injury, and different situations.
Physical or occupational remedy for rehabilitation from neurological situations. Minor diagnostic strategies including myelography and spinal tap.Access a listing of greater than four hundred neurological problems from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
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Minerals in vitamins are composed of individual chemical ______, whereas geologic minerals usually consist of two or more.
Minerals in vitamins are composed of individual chemical elements, whereas geologic minerals usually consist of two or more.
What are vitamins?
Vitamins are organic substances that are frequently classed as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamins including vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K that dissolve in fat have a propensity to accumulate in the body. Examples of water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate, which must dissolve in water in order to be absorbed by the body and cannot be stored. Water-soluble vitamins are primarily eliminated in urine if the body does not use them.
Micronutrients including vitamins and minerals are required by the body for a variety of regular bodily functions. But since our bodies are unable to produce certain micronutrients, we must get them from the food we eat.
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Which connective tissue is composed of many interwoven and randomly organized collagenous fibers?
Dense irregular connective tissue is composed of many interwoven and randomly organized collagenous fibers.
Connective tissue- Tissue that provides structure, support, and protection to other human tissues and organs. In addition to helping to transport nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, connective tissue also helps to store fat and mend damaged tissue. A gel-like material, fibers, and cells make up connective tissue.
Collagenous Fibers- Tropocollagen subunits, which make up collagen fibers, may be categorized into at least 30 distinct fiber types according to their -chain amino acid sequences. The presence of the hydrated matrix made up of GAGs and proteoglycans is what allows the ECM to endure compressive stresses.
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Due to the fact that these bacteria are adapted to extreme habitats, where are you most likely to find bacteria belonging to the domain archaea?
The answer to the above question is in a hot spring.
What is a habitat?The term "habitat" in ecology refers to a region's collection of biotic, physical, and resource elements that are present to support a specific species' ability to survive and reproduce. It is possible to think of a species' habitat as the outward representation of its biological niche. As a result, "habitat" refers to a particular species, which is fundamentally distinct from ideas like "environment" or "vegetation assemblages," for which the term "habitat-type" is more applicable.
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